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    REFERENCES

    1. BAGBY, R. M., TAYLOR, G. J., & PARKER, J. D. A. (1994) The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-32.

    2. BAGBY, R. M., TAYLOR, G. J., & PARKER, J. D. A. (1994) The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-II: convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 33-40.

    3. BERGER, D. (1992) On the practice of medicine and on the culture and customs in Japan, Tokai Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, 10, 637-645.

    4. CHRISTOPHER, ROBERT. C. (1984) The Japanese Mind. Pan Books, London.

    5. CUI, G., & NJOKU, A.E. (1992) Measuring Intercultural Effectiveness: An Integrative Approach, Vol. 16, pp. 311-328.

    6. FREYBERGER, H. (1977) Supportive psychotherapeutic techniques in primary and secondary alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 337-342.

    7. FUKUNISHI, I. (1994) Alexithymia and coping with stress in healthy persons: Alexithymia as a personality trait is associated with low social support and poor responses to stress. Psychological Reports, 76, 1299-1304.

    8. FUKUNISHI, I., CHISHIMA, Y., & ANZE, M. (1994) Posttraumatic stress disorder and alexithymia in burn patients. Psychological Reports, 75,1371-1376.

    9. FUKUNISHI, I., KAJI, N., NAKAGAWA, T., NAKAMURA, T., KIKUCHI, M., TAKUBO, M., & NISHIHARA, Y. (1996). An investigation of the psychometric properties of the 26-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in a Japanese culture. Psychological Reports, 79, 555-562.

    10. FUKUNISHI, I., KIKUCHI, M., WOGAN, J., & TAKUBO, M. (1997) Secondary alexithymia as a state reaction in panic disorder and social phobia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38, 166-170.

    11. FUKUNISHI, I., NUMATA, Y., & HATTORI, M. (1994) Alexithymia and defense mechanisms in myocardial infarction. Psychological Reports, 75, 219-223.

    12. FUKUNISHI, I., & RAHE, R. H. (1995) Alexithymia and coping with stress in healthy persons: alexithymia as personality trait is associated with low social support and poor responses to stress. Psychological Reports, 76,1299-1304.

    13. HAMMER, M.R., GUDYKUNST, W.B., & WISEMAN, R. (1978) Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: An exploratory study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2, 383-393.

    14. HYER, L., WOODS, S. G., SUMMERS, M. N., BOUDSWYNS, P., & HARRISON, W. R. (1990) Alexithymia among vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 243-247.

    15. JIMERSON, D. C., WOLFE, B. E., FRANKO, D. L., COVINO, N. A. & SIFNEOS, P. E. (1994) Alexithymia ratings in bulimia nervosa: clinical correlates. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 90-93.

    16. KAUHANEN, J., JULKUNEN, J., & SALONEN, J. T. (1992) Coping with inner feelings and stress: heavy alcohol use in the context of alexithymia.Behavioral Medicine, 18, 121-126.

    17. KIM, Y.Y. (1986) Cross-cultural adaptation: A critical assessment of the field, presented to the Annual Conference of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, IL.

    18. KIM, Y.Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: A interdiciplinary approach. Claredon, England: Multilingual Matters Ltd.

    19. PARKER, J. D. A., TAYLOR, G. J., BAGBY, R. M., & ACKLIN, M. W. (1993) Alexithymia in panic disorder and simple phobia: a comparative study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1105ー1107.

    20. RAHE, R. H. (1995) Stress and coping in psychiatry. In H. I. Kaplan & B.J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. (Vol. 6). Baltimore, MD: William and Wilkins. Pp. 1545-1559.

    21. RAHE, R. H., & VEACH, T. L. (1995) The Stress and Coping Inventory (SCI): sources, reliability and validity. Nevada Stress Center Report 93-1, VAMC, Reno, NV, 89520.

    22. RUBEN, B.D. (1976) Assessing communication competency for intercultural adaptation. Group and Organization Studies, 1, 334-354.

    23. SIFNEOS, P. E. (1973) The prevalence of alexithymic characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 255-262.

    24. ZEITLIN, S. B., & MCNALLY, R. J. (1993) Alexithymia and anxiety sensitivity in panic disorder and obsessive-complusive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 658-660.



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    APPENDIX 1

    EXPATRIATE ADAPTATION INVENTORY (EAI)

    We are attempting to evaluate adaptation to living overseas. Please choose the answer that best describes your feelings averaged over the past 2 weeks. Please answer all items as best as you can, even if some do not seem to apply to you. By completing this questionnaire, you consent to allow the information you provide to be used for research. All information will be strictly confidential. If either of your parents are a native of this country, please do not complete this questionnaire. Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire.

    Today's Date_______________(Month/Date/Year)

    1) Your Age_____

    2) Sex, Please check: Male, Female

    3) Please write below the country or countries you call "home." It may be the country where you were born; the country or countries in which you have lived the most; or your country of citizenship. It is the country or countries in which you believe you most belong: 1)_______________, 2)_________________, 3)_________________

    4) How long have you lived in this country? Years:______Months:______

    For the items below, please circle: 0 = NOT TRUE 1 = SOMEWHAT OR SOMETIMES TRUE 2 = VERY TRUE OR OFTEN TRUE.

    SATISFACTION WITH LIFE ABROAD

    0 1 2 1) I like the food in this country.

    0 1 2 2) I feel safe living here.

    0 1 2 3) Getting around (transportation) in this country is easy.

    0 1 2 4) I have begun to feel my "home" (at least for

    0 1 2 5) Being abroad is exciting.

    0 1 2 6) I'm satisfied with my housing arrangements here.

    0 1 2 7) I am interested in the customs of the local people here.

    0 1 2 8) I enjoy travel within this country.

    0 1 2 9) Coming abroad has been very educational.

    0 1 2 10) I am learning to speak the language of this country.

    0 1 2 11) Coming to this country has been a positive experience.

    0 1 2 12) I am satisfied with the opportunities for entertainment here.

    0 1 2 13) I seem to be taking longer than others to adjust to this country.

    0 1 2 14) I was happy about the decision to move here.

    0 1 2 15) Before coming here, I was interested in this country

    0 1 2 16) I am liked by many people in this country.

    0 1 2 17) I feel satisfied with my social life here.

    0 1 2 18) I have made life-long friends since coming here.

    0 1 2 19) I like living in this country.

    0 1 2 20) I feel as satisfied with my job here as I would in my home country.

    0 1 2 21) There are a number of advantages to being a foreigner in this country.

    0 1 2 22) I was well prepared for life in this country before coming here.

    0 1 2 23) The medical care which is available here is good.

    0 1 2 24) Generally, the personalities of the native people are attractive to me.

    0 1 2 25) Generally, I feel I can trust the native people of this country.

    0 1 2 26) The native people seem to like me .

    0 1 2 27) I find the people in this country to be kind and considerate.

    0 1 2 28) I believe this is a good country in which to raise children.

    0 1 2 29) Living in this country is educational.

    FEELINGS TOWARDS HOST COUNTRY

    0 1 2 1) I would prefer to be living in another county.

    0 1 2 2) I seldomly interact with the native people of this country.

    0 1 2 3) The customs of the people here seem strange to me.

    0 1 2 4) I have had hostile encounters with the native people here.

    0 1 2 5) I have been discriminated against because I am a foreigner.

    0 1 2 6) The main reason I am in this country is for the money.

    0 1 2 7) I have mixed feelings about the native people.

    0 1 2 8) Some of the habits of the native people irritate me.

    0 1 2 9) I do not feel I will ever "fit" into this country.

    0 1 2 10) I sometimes feel strong hate toward the native people.

    0 1 2 11) The native people often stare at me.

    0 1 2 12) I sometimes feel clumsy in this country.

    0 1 2 13) I feel self-conscious in this country.

    0 1 2 14) The native people talk about me behind my back.

    0 1 2 15) The native people follow me.

    0 1 2 16) I often get frustrated with the native people here.

    0 1 2 17) I prefer to interact as little as possible with the natives of this country.

    0 1 2 18) The air pollution in this country is bothersome.

    0 1 2 19) I am bothered by the lack of easily accessible open space in this country.

    SATISFACTION WITH LIFE AT HOME

    0 1 2 1) I feel don't feel very attached to the hometown where I grew up.

    0 1 2 2) While growing up, I felt that I didn't "fit" into the culture in which I lived.

    0 1 2 3) I do not feel I "fit in" to the culture in which I grew up.

    0 1 2 4) I feel homesick much of the time.

    0 1 2 5) My only real friends come from my hometown.

    0 1 2 6) Other people who want me to return home are emotionally stressful to me.

    0 1 2 7) I miss people who are living in my homecountry.

    0 1 2 8) I miss the customs and, ways of doing things, at home.

    0 1 2 9) I miss the media (radio, T.V., Newspapers etc.) from home.

    0 1 2 10) I miss the food in my home country.


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